Explanation: The Speaker is elected by a simple majority vote among the MLAs of the Vidhan Sabha. The Speaker presides over assembly sessions and ensures orderly conduct of business. The Speaker remains neutral and upholds legislative procedures.

Explanation: Members of the Vidhan Parishad (Legislative Council) in UP serve a term of 6 years. One-third of the members retire every two years, ensuring continuity. The system is similar to the Rajya Sabha at the national level.

Explanation: The Governor is the constitutional head of the state, acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers. While real executive power rests with the Chief Minister, the Governor's assent is needed for bills, budgets, and appointments. The Governor represents the central authority in the state.

Explanation: The Lokayukta of Uttar Pradesh is appointed by the Governor, after consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Leader of Opposition. The post investigates corruption cases against public officials, including ministers. UP’s Lokayukta Act is among the earliest in India.

Explanation: Under Article 156 of the Constitution, the Governor is appointed by the President for a term of 5 years. However, this term is not fixed and the Governor serves at the pleasure of the President. The Governor can be removed earlier or hold office beyond the term until a successor is appointed.

Explanation: The Uttar Pradesh State Human Rights Commission was constituted in 1997 under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. It looks into violations of human rights by public servants or negligence by state officials. It functions independently from the National Human Rights Commission.

Explanation: Each state has a State Election Commission to conduct elections to Panchayati Raj and urban local bodies. The Chief Election Commissioner of Uttar Pradesh is appointed by the Governor under Article 243K. It is a body independent of the Election Commission of India.

Explanation: The Governor addresses the joint session of both Houses (Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad) at the beginning of the first session after each general election and each year. This address outlines the policies and programs of the government. It's a ceremonial but constitutionally significant role.

Explanation: After the formation of Uttarakhand in 2000, the Nainital High Court became the separate High Court for the new state. Currently, the Allahabad High Court has exclusive jurisdiction over UP and has a bench in Lucknow as well. It is one of the oldest high courts in India.

Explanation: The Governor, on the advice of the Chief Minister and Council of Ministers, can dissolve the Legislative Assembly before its five-year term. This usually occurs when a government loses majority or early elections are announced. However, such action must comply with constitutional norms.

Explanation: As per the Representation of the People Act, 1951, and constitutional provisions, a candidate must be at least 25 years old to contest the Vidhan Sabha elections. This age requirement ensures a basic level of maturity and civic awareness in state legislators.

As per Article 164 of the Constitution, the Governor administers the oath of office and secrecy to the Chief Minister of the state. In UP, this is followed by the swearing-in of other council ministers. The Governor acts as the nominal head, while the CM holds real executive powers.

In the bicameral legislature of Uttar Pradesh, the Governor nominates 12 members to the Legislative Council. These individuals are nominated for their expertise in literature, science, art, cooperative movement, and social service. The rest are elected through various constituencies.

Sarojini Naidu became the first woman Governor of Uttar Pradesh (then the United Provinces) in 1947. A prominent freedom fighter and poet, she broke new ground in Indian politics. Her tenure symbolized women's leadership in post-independence governance.

After the delimitation in 2008, the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) was fixed at 403 elected members. An additional member may be nominated from the Anglo-Indian community if needed. This makes it the largest state assembly in India by number of seats.

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment of 1992 gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), mandating their establishment in all states, including Uttar Pradesh. It introduced the three-tier system: Gram Panchayat, Block Samiti, and Zila Parishad. UP enacted its own Panchayati Raj Act in 1994 in compliance.

The ODOP e-Marketplace enables artisans and MSMEs to list and sell products online. It improves market reach and supports digital India goals. It also enables participation in national portals like GeM and ONDC

UP has many GI-tagged items like Lucknow Chikan, Varanasi Silk, and Bhadohi carpets. GI tags protect authenticity and enable better pricing in export markets. It benefits artisans and the local economy.

The expressway links underdeveloped eastern districts to Lucknow and Delhi corridors. It facilitates faster movement of goods, encourages FDI, and uplifts industrial and agro-logistic sectors.

This scheme provides subsidies for constructing rural godowns and warehouses. It prevents post-harvest losses and stabilizes prices. UP has built several decentralized storage hubs using this initiative.

Despite high yields, Western UP’s excessive water extraction for sugarcane cultivation has led to alarming groundwater depletion. Switching to drip irrigation and crop diversification is being promoted.

This scheme targets traditional artisans like blacksmiths, carpenters, and cobblers. It provides free training, modern toolkits, and marketing support. It aims to revive local crafts and provide dignified employment.

The state government prioritized capital expenditure in roads, power, expressways, and industrial zones. This reflects a growth-oriented strategy. Infrastructure growth is expected to improve both employment and long-term productivity.

Despite its size, UP’s MSMEs struggle with bank credit, outdated machinery, and digital illiteracy. Government schemes like MUDRA loans and MSME Champions Portal aim to address this gap.

Known as the 'Perfume Capital of India,' Kannauj has preserved centuries-old attar-making traditions. The ODOP scheme helps in modernizing production while retaining the artisanal legacy. The industry has international appeal.

The online portal facilitates all industrial approvals, land clearances, and compliance documentation in one place. It’s aligned with Make in India goals. This policy has significantly improved UP’s EoDB ranking.

Agra is among Asia’s largest footwear manufacturing hubs. It employs thousands, especially in micro and small units. Under ODOP, the cluster has seen branding, packaging, and export assistance improvements.

Schemes like PM-KUSUM have been effectively utilized in UP to subsidize solar pumps. This reduces reliance on diesel and grid electricity. It also supports sustainable irrigation in off-grid areas.