End device in network communication.

Reliable, connection-oriented transport protocol.

Seven — layers from physical to application.

Maximum nodes in perfectly balanced tree.

Efficient, stable sort.

Logarithmic time — halving search space each step.

Hash map — fast lookups.

Explanation: Yogi Adityanath became the longest-serving Chief Minister in UP’s history by surpassing previous leaders like Sampurnanand. His second term and uninterrupted leadership since 2017 contribute to this record. His tenure is marked by policy and infrastructure reforms.

Explanation: The Chief Secretary is the top bureaucrat in the state and is appointed by the Chief Minister. Though officially under the Governor’s name, the appointment is made on CM’s advice. The role includes coordinating all administrative functions.

Explanation: As per Article 155 of the Constitution, the Governor of a state is appointed by the President. The Governor is the nominal executive head of the state. He or she acts on the advice of the state’s Council of Ministers.

Explanation: Govind Ballabh Pant served as the first Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh from 1950 to 1954. He played a crucial role in integrating princely states into the Indian Union. His leadership laid the foundation for UP’s political structure.

Explanation: The State Election Commission conducts elections to urban local bodies and Panchayati Raj institutions, while the Election Commission of India handles Lok Sabha and Assembly elections. It ensures free and fair local governance in the state.

Explanation: Uttar Pradesh sends the largest number of members to the Rajya Sabha—31—due to its population and Assembly size. These members are elected by the MLAs through a proportional representation system using the single transferable vote. This shows UP’s influence in national politics.

Explanation: Under the Tenth Schedule (Anti-Defection Law), the Speaker of the Assembly is empowered to decide on disqualification of a member. The Speaker’s decision can later be challenged in court. This provision ensures party discipline within the legislature.

UPPSC was constituted on 1st April 1937 under the provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935. It continues under Article 315 of the Constitution. The Commission conducts civil services and other recruitment exams for the state.

Explanation: As per legislative norms, a political party must have at least 10% of the total strength of the Assembly (i.e., at least 41 members out of 403) to be recognized as an official party. This entitles them to office space, speaking time, and privileges in the legislature.

Explanation: As per the constitutional mandate and UP Panchayati Raj laws, 33% of the seats in Gram Panchayats, Block Panchayats, and Zila Parishads are reserved for women. Some states have increased it to 50%, but UP follows the minimum required. This has enhanced women’s participation in grassroots governance.

Explanation: The Governor has the constitutional authority to summon, prorogue, or dissolve the state legislature. This is typically done on the advice of the Chief Minister and Cabinet. The power is formal but significant in legislative operations.

Explanation: The Speaker is elected by a simple majority vote among the MLAs of the Vidhan Sabha. The Speaker presides over assembly sessions and ensures orderly conduct of business. The Speaker remains neutral and upholds legislative procedures.

Explanation: Members of the Vidhan Parishad (Legislative Council) in UP serve a term of 6 years. One-third of the members retire every two years, ensuring continuity. The system is similar to the Rajya Sabha at the national level.

Explanation: The Governor is the constitutional head of the state, acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers. While real executive power rests with the Chief Minister, the Governor's assent is needed for bills, budgets, and appointments. The Governor represents the central authority in the state.

Explanation: The Lokayukta of Uttar Pradesh is appointed by the Governor, after consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Leader of Opposition. The post investigates corruption cases against public officials, including ministers. UP’s Lokayukta Act is among the earliest in India.

Explanation: Under Article 156 of the Constitution, the Governor is appointed by the President for a term of 5 years. However, this term is not fixed and the Governor serves at the pleasure of the President. The Governor can be removed earlier or hold office beyond the term until a successor is appointed.

Explanation: The Uttar Pradesh State Human Rights Commission was constituted in 1997 under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. It looks into violations of human rights by public servants or negligence by state officials. It functions independently from the National Human Rights Commission.

Explanation: Each state has a State Election Commission to conduct elections to Panchayati Raj and urban local bodies. The Chief Election Commissioner of Uttar Pradesh is appointed by the Governor under Article 243K. It is a body independent of the Election Commission of India.

Explanation: The Governor addresses the joint session of both Houses (Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad) at the beginning of the first session after each general election and each year. This address outlines the policies and programs of the government. It's a ceremonial but constitutionally significant role.

Explanation: After the formation of Uttarakhand in 2000, the Nainital High Court became the separate High Court for the new state. Currently, the Allahabad High Court has exclusive jurisdiction over UP and has a bench in Lucknow as well. It is one of the oldest high courts in India.

Explanation: The Governor, on the advice of the Chief Minister and Council of Ministers, can dissolve the Legislative Assembly before its five-year term. This usually occurs when a government loses majority or early elections are announced. However, such action must comply with constitutional norms.