UP has a bicameral legislature; its upper house (Legislative Council) has a sanctioned strength of 100 members. Members are elected through various methods—MLAs, local authorities, teachers, graduates, and nominated. It functions as a revising chamber like the Rajya Sabha.

The Governor is appointed by the President under Article 155 of the Constitution. He acts as the constitutional head of the state. The appointment is generally based on advice from the Union Council of Ministers.

Uttar Pradesh sends 31 members to the Rajya Sabha, the highest among all Indian states. Rajya Sabha members are elected by MLAs through proportional representation. This reflects UP's large population and legislative size.

As per Article 173 of the Indian Constitution, the minimum age to become an MLA and thereby eligible for CM is 25. There is no separate provision for CM; he/she must be a member of the state legislature. Eligibility includes Indian citizenship and no disqualifications.

Govind Ballabh Pant served as the first CM of Uttar Pradesh from 1950 to 1954. He played a major role in shaping UP’s early administrative framework post-independence. Pant was also an active participant in India’s freedom movement.

The UP Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) has 403 elected members, making it the largest state assembly in India. It represents constituencies across the entire state. This number was fixed under the Delimitation Act, 2008.

A subnet mask identifies the network and host portions of an IP address. It allows efficient routing and management of IP address blocks. Subnetting improves security and performance of networks.

von Neumann architecture stores both data and program instructions in the same memory. This design is simple but suffers from the "von Neumann bottleneck." It's used in most general-purpose computers.

The presentation layer manages data formatting, translation, encryption, and compression. It acts as a translator between the application and the lower layers. This layer ensures readable data formats between systems.

RAID is a method to combine multiple physical disks into one logical unit to increase performance or redundancy. Different RAID levels offer trade-offs between speed and fault tolerance. RAID is common in servers and critical storage systems.

Binary search divides the search space in half with each step, resulting in logarithmic time complexity. It requires the input to be sorted. This makes it faster than linear search for large datasets.

Nonce is a random or pseudo-random number used once in cryptographic communications. In blockchain mining, it's adjusted to find a valid hash. This process ensures block validity in Proof-of-Work systems.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is used to send emails from the client to the mail server or between servers. POP3 and IMAP are used for retrieving emails. SMTP typically works on port 25 or 587.

Synchronized learning isn't a category of machine learning. The three major types are supervised (labeled data), unsupervised (unlabeled data), and reinforcement (rewards/punishments). These approaches underpin AI systems today.

DNS translates human-readable domain names like example.com into IP addresses. It acts like a phonebook of the internet. Without DNS, users would need to remember complex IP numbers.

In a star topology, each device connects to a central hub or switch, which controls data transmission. This makes troubleshooting easier but increases dependence on the hub. Failure of the hub can disrupt the entire network.

In C++, class members are private by default unless explicitly specified. This promotes data encapsulation and hides implementation details. Structs, in contrast, have public members by default.

NTFS (New Technology File System) includes journaling, which helps in recovering data after a system crash. It logs changes before actually writing them to disk. FAT-based systems do not support journaling.