Terminated yet still in process table.

Enables running larger programs than physical RAM.

Handles concurrent processes.

Enhances account security (e.g. code + password).

Network security barrier

deceitful emails/websites to steal info.

Protects privacy via secure tunneled connection.

Maximum nodes in perfectly balanced tree.

Hash map — fast lookups.

Explanation: Yogi Adityanath became the longest-serving Chief Minister in UP’s history by surpassing previous leaders like Sampurnanand. His second term and uninterrupted leadership since 2017 contribute to this record. His tenure is marked by policy and infrastructure reforms.

Explanation: The Chief Secretary is the top bureaucrat in the state and is appointed by the Chief Minister. Though officially under the Governor’s name, the appointment is made on CM’s advice. The role includes coordinating all administrative functions.

Explanation: Sucheta Kripalani became the first woman Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in 1963. She was also the first woman to hold such a post in any Indian state. She played a significant role in the independence movement and in state politics.

Explanation: The Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) of UP has 403 elected members. It is one of the largest state legislatures in India. These members are directly elected through general elections.

Explanation: Charan Singh served as the Chief Minister of UP and later became the fifth Prime Minister of India. He was a leader of the farmer community and promoted agrarian policies. His tenure as PM was brief but historically important.

Explanation: As per Article 155 of the Constitution, the Governor of a state is appointed by the President. The Governor is the nominal executive head of the state. He or she acts on the advice of the state’s Council of Ministers.

Explanation: Article 169 of the Indian Constitution provides the framework for the creation or abolition of a Legislative Council in a state. It requires a resolution passed by the Legislative Assembly with a special majority. Uttar Pradesh uses this provision.

Explanation: The Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) is a permanent body that cannot be dissolved, although members retire by rotation. It functions like the Rajya Sabha at the state level. Uttar Pradesh is one of the few states with a bicameral legislature.

Explanation: Uttar Pradesh sends 80 members to the Lok Sabha, the highest among all Indian states. This makes it politically significant in national elections. Its large population is the reason for such high representation.

Explanation: Before the adoption of the Indian Constitution, the region was known as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. It was renamed Uttar Pradesh on 26 January 1950. This marked its formal inclusion as a state in the Indian Republic.

Explanation: Govind Ballabh Pant served as the first Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh from 1950 to 1954. He played a crucial role in integrating princely states into the Indian Union. His leadership laid the foundation for UP’s political structure.

Explanation: The State Election Commission conducts elections to urban local bodies and Panchayati Raj institutions, while the Election Commission of India handles Lok Sabha and Assembly elections. It ensures free and fair local governance in the state.

Explanation: Under Article 165, the Governor appoints the Advocate General, who is the highest law officer in the state. The AG advises the government on legal matters and represents it in court. He/she holds office at the Governor’s pleasure.

Explanation: Article 200 empowers the Governor to either assent, withhold, or reserve a bill for the President's consideration. This is done when the bill may contradict central laws or touch upon matters beyond state jurisdiction. It adds a layer of constitutional check.

Explanation: Uttar Pradesh sends the largest number of members to the Rajya Sabha—31—due to its population and Assembly size. These members are elected by the MLAs through a proportional representation system using the single transferable vote. This shows UP’s influence in national politics.

Explanation: Under the Tenth Schedule (Anti-Defection Law), the Speaker of the Assembly is empowered to decide on disqualification of a member. The Speaker’s decision can later be challenged in court. This provision ensures party discipline within the legislature.

UPPSC was constituted on 1st April 1937 under the provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935. It continues under Article 315 of the Constitution. The Commission conducts civil services and other recruitment exams for the state.

Explanation: As per legislative norms, a political party must have at least 10% of the total strength of the Assembly (i.e., at least 41 members out of 403) to be recognized as an official party. This entitles them to office space, speaking time, and privileges in the legislature.

Explanation: As per the constitutional mandate and UP Panchayati Raj laws, 33% of the seats in Gram Panchayats, Block Panchayats, and Zila Parishads are reserved for women. Some states have increased it to 50%, but UP follows the minimum required. This has enhanced women’s participation in grassroots governance.