A subnet mask identifies the network and host portions of an IP address. It allows efficient routing and management of IP address blocks. Subnetting improves security and performance of networks.

Overfitting occurs when a model learns training data too well, including noise and outliers. It fails to generalize to new data. Techniques like cross-validation and regularization are used to prevent it.

NAND (Not AND) returns false only if all inputs are true. It is considered a universal gate because all logical operations can be built using only NAND gates. It’s essential in hardware design.

A deadlock occurs when processes wait indefinitely for resources held by each other. This creates a circular dependency, halting progress. Operating systems use algorithms to prevent or detect deadlocks.

Rate Monotonic Scheduling is a priority-based real-time algorithm where shorter cycles get higher priority. It ensures predictable task execution. It's commonly used in embedded and control systems.

Big Data is defined by its high Volume (data size), Velocity (speed), Variety (types), and Veracity (uncertainty). These characteristics pose challenges for traditional data processing. The 4 Vs guide the design of scalable data systems.

The presentation layer manages data formatting, translation, encryption, and compression. It acts as a translator between the application and the lower layers. This layer ensures readable data formats between systems.

RAID is a method to combine multiple physical disks into one logical unit to increase performance or redundancy. Different RAID levels offer trade-offs between speed and fault tolerance. RAID is common in servers and critical storage systems.

Binary search divides the search space in half with each step, resulting in logarithmic time complexity. It requires the input to be sorted. This makes it faster than linear search for large datasets.

Nonce is a random or pseudo-random number used once in cryptographic communications. In blockchain mining, it's adjusted to find a valid hash. This process ensures block validity in Proof-of-Work systems.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is used to send emails from the client to the mail server or between servers. POP3 and IMAP are used for retrieving emails. SMTP typically works on port 25 or 587.

Synchronized learning isn't a category of machine learning. The three major types are supervised (labeled data), unsupervised (unlabeled data), and reinforcement (rewards/punishments). These approaches underpin AI systems today.

In a star topology, each device connects to a central hub or switch, which controls data transmission. This makes troubleshooting easier but increases dependence on the hub. Failure of the hub can disrupt the entire network.

In C++, class members are private by default unless explicitly specified. This promotes data encapsulation and hides implementation details. Structs, in contrast, have public members by default.

NTFS (New Technology File System) includes journaling, which helps in recovering data after a system crash. It logs changes before actually writing them to disk. FAT-based systems do not support journaling.

The instruction uses the content of register BX to point to a memory location, hence indirect addressing.

BCNF is an advanced version of the third normal form and is designed to eliminate redundancy caused by functional dependencies. A table is in BCNF if it is in 3NF and every determinant is a candidate key. It ensures better data integrity.

Shortest Job First (SJF) in its non-preemptive form executes the shortest job next without interruption. Unlike Round Robin or Priority, it doesn't allow switching between tasks once started. This algorithm reduces average waiting time but may cause starvation.

RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) is a widely used public-key cryptographic algorithm based on the difficulty of factoring large prime numbers. Unlike symmetric algorithms like AES or DES, RSA uses separate keys for encryption and decryption. It ensures secure data transmission in networks.

The policy helps traditional exporters access subsidies, training, and market linkages. District Export Promotion Committees (DEPCs) are set up under this initiative. It complements ODOP and aims to boost foreign trade.

NABARD funds projects like rural roads, irrigation, storage, and watershed development. It also supports SHGs and microcredit institutions. In UP, NABARD plays a pivotal role in promoting rural livelihoods.

ODOP has encouraged local production while digital portals like Udyam have simplified MSME registration. These measures have enhanced formalization of businesses. UP accounts for nearly 14% of total MSMEs in India.

UP is India’s top milk-producing state, and improving native breeds is key to increasing yield. The program supports veterinary services, feed quality, and dairy infrastructure. Women SHGs are also involved in dairy entrepreneurship.

Lucknow’s central location and access to Purvanchal and Bundelkhand expressways make it ideal for logistics. Warehousing parks are being set up under PPP models. This is expected to generate large-scale employment.

The state has set an ambitious target to grow into a $1 trillion economy by 2030. It includes focus on infrastructure, manufacturing, tourism, and services. Key policy reforms and global investment will be essential.

A majority of UP’s population still depends on agriculture for livelihood. This highlights the importance of agri-reforms and farm support policies. Diversification and mechanization are key for increasing rural incomes

Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority (GNIDA) plans and oversees infrastructure and industrial development. It falls under the NCR planning zone. GNIDA provides land and incentives to attract industries.

The summit, held in Lucknow, is a flagship event to promote business opportunities and policy reforms. It has attracted MoUs worth over ₹4 lakh crore. It strengthens UP’s image as an investment-friendly state.