Richter scale measures the magnitude of an earthquake.

Kyoto Protocol (1997) was the first major global treaty to control GHG emissions.

The 3Rs aim to reduce environmental waste by promoting sustainable use.

The Wildlife Protection Act provides legal protection to many species in India.

Tigers are on the endangered species list due to poaching and habitat loss.

Project Tiger was launched to conserve Bengal Tigers and their habitats.

Pure rainwater is neutral (pH 7), but acid rain has lower pH due to pollution.

Drip irrigation saves water by delivering it directly to plant roots.

Sound intensity is measured in decibels (dB); >85 dB is harmful.

Incomplete combustion in engines releases toxic CO gas.

CO₂ traps heat in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

Trees prevent soil erosion; deforestation removes this natural barrier.

: Western Ghats is one of the 36 global biodiversity hotspots.

Biotic components are living things; bacteria are microorganisms and thus biotic.

: Violet has the shortest wavelength in visible light.

: An electric motor uses electricity to create motion.

Convex mirrors provide a wider field of view.

Matchsticks contain sulphur for ignition.

CO₂ reacts with limewater (calcium hydroxide) forming calcium carbonate.

WBCs are the immune cells that defend the body against infections.

Xuanzang (Hiuen-Tsang) visited Punjab in 633 A.D., recording detailed observations on its society, religion, and educational systems during King Harshavardhana’s reign. He gives vivid description of Sirhind.

The Battle of Multan occurred on 22 January 1849 during the Second Anglo-Sikh War, leading to British capture of Multan and eventual annexation of Punjab. Multan’s fall marked a major British victory in North India.

Dal Khalsa was a Sikh military confederacy in Punjab. Each Misl was considered equal, and Sikhs were free to join any. Leaders like Kapur Singh and Jassa Singh Ahluwalia unified various Misls, consolidating Sikh power in the region.

In 1733, Zakarya Khan granted Kapur Singh the title of Nawab, in a conciliatory move after failing to suppress the Sikhs militarily. Kapur Singh became a prominent leader, serving as head of the Sarbat Khalsa, an assembly of Sikhs, which influenced Sikh political and military strategies thereafter.

Punjab’s first National Skill Training Institute for women was established in Mohali in 2018, offering vocational courses and benefiting skill development. The institute is part of the state’s initiatives to enhance women’s employability.

Antyodaya Anna Yojana, launched in 2000, supplies 35 kg wheat/month at ₹2/kg to Punjab’s lowest BPL families. Punjab Atta Dal Scheme provides 5 kg wheat and 0.5 kg dal to poor households but not at the same quantity or rate as Antyodaya Anna Yojana.

Bishan Singh Bedi was born on 25 September 1946 in Amritsar, Punjab. He was a legendary left-arm orthodox spinner, played 67 Tests for India, captained the team in 22, and was later honored with Arjuna, Khel Ratna, and Padma Bhushan awards.