A subnet mask identifies the network and host portions of an IP address. It allows efficient routing and management of IP address blocks. Subnetting improves security and performance of networks.

Overfitting occurs when a model learns training data too well, including noise and outliers. It fails to generalize to new data. Techniques like cross-validation and regularization are used to prevent it.

Virtual memory allows a computer to compensate for shortages of physical memory by using disk space. This helps run larger applications by extending RAM virtually. It slows down performance compared to real RAM.

NAND (Not AND) returns false only if all inputs are true. It is considered a universal gate because all logical operations can be built using only NAND gates. It’s essential in hardware design.

A deadlock occurs when processes wait indefinitely for resources held by each other. This creates a circular dependency, halting progress. Operating systems use algorithms to prevent or detect deadlocks.

Pascal is a procedural programming language and not designed for functional programming paradigms. In contrast, Haskell and Scala are purely or partly functional. Python supports functional features but isn’t a functional language by design.

von Neumann architecture stores both data and program instructions in the same memory. This design is simple but suffers from the "von Neumann bottleneck." It's used in most general-purpose computers.

JSON is a lightweight data interchange format based on JavaScript syntax. It's widely used in web APIs and data transmission. It is human-readable and easy to parse by machines.

Due to floating-point precision errors, 0.1 + 0.2 results in a value slightly more than 0.3. Thus, the equality test returns False. This is a classic floating-point arithmetic caveat in computing.

Rate Monotonic Scheduling is a priority-based real-time algorithm where shorter cycles get higher priority. It ensures predictable task execution. It's commonly used in embedded and control systems.

Big Data is defined by its high Volume (data size), Velocity (speed), Variety (types), and Veracity (uncertainty). These characteristics pose challenges for traditional data processing. The 4 Vs guide the design of scalable data systems.

DNS translates human-readable domain names like example.com into IP addresses. It acts like a phonebook of the internet. Without DNS, users would need to remember complex IP numbers.

In a star topology, each device connects to a central hub or switch, which controls data transmission. This makes troubleshooting easier but increases dependence on the hub. Failure of the hub can disrupt the entire network.

In C++, class members are private by default unless explicitly specified. This promotes data encapsulation and hides implementation details. Structs, in contrast, have public members by default.

The large intestine absorbs water and salts from undigested food, forming solid waste (feces).

The pituitary gland controls other endocrine glands and many body functions.

HIV (a virus) attacks the immune system, leading to AIDS.

Kidneys filter blood, removing urea and excess water as urine.

It's the natural home of an organism.

Mycology

The retina contains photoreceptor cells (rods and cones).

Chlorophyll absorbs light for photosynthesis and reflects green.

The liver breaks down toxins and drugs in the bloodstream.

Rhizobium bacteria live in root nodules of legumes and fix atmospheric nitrogen.

Pepsin is secreted by the stomach and breaks down proteins into peptides.