Antigens or attenuated pathogen — to trigger immune memory.

B cells — they release immunoglobulins.

Three phosphates — energy-rich bonds.

High heat — disrupts protein structure.

Hydrocarbon tails — repel water.

Amino acids — forming proteins.

Simple sugars like glucose.

Genus and species — e.g., Homo sapiens.

Exoskeleton — chordates have internal skeleton.

Explanation: Yogi Adityanath became the longest-serving Chief Minister in UP’s history by surpassing previous leaders like Sampurnanand. His second term and uninterrupted leadership since 2017 contribute to this record. His tenure is marked by policy and infrastructure reforms.

Jointed appendages and exoskeleton.

Explanation: The Chief Secretary is the top bureaucrat in the state and is appointed by the Chief Minister. Though officially under the Governor’s name, the appointment is made on CM’s advice. The role includes coordinating all administrative functions.

Fungi — absorb nutrients from organic material.

Acellular — not made of cells.

Explanation: The Vidhan Parishad acts as the Upper House in the state legislature, similar to the Rajya Sabha at the central level. It reviews and delays legislation passed by the Assembly. It plays a consultative and revisory role.

UV-C/B — protecting organisms from DNA damage.

Nitrogen — converts atmospheric N₂ to ammonia.

Toxin buildup at higher trophic levels.

Explanation: Sucheta Kripalani became the first woman Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in 1963. She was also the first woman to hold such a post in any Indian state. She played a significant role in the independence movement and in state politics.

Explanation: The Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) of UP has 403 elected members. It is one of the largest state legislatures in India. These members are directly elected through general elections.

Shapes ecosystem structure significantly.

Explanation: Charan Singh served as the Chief Minister of UP and later became the fifth Prime Minister of India. He was a leader of the farmer community and promoted agrarian policies. His tenure as PM was brief but historically important.

Bare rock — lichens and mosses colonize first.

Explanation: As per Article 155 of the Constitution, the Governor of a state is appointed by the President. The Governor is the nominal executive head of the state. He or she acts on the advice of the state’s Council of Ministers.

Electrical and chemical — action potentials + neurotransmitters.

Liver — bile aids fat digestion.

Explanation: Article 169 of the Indian Constitution provides the framework for the creation or abolition of a Legislative Council in a state. It requires a resolution passed by the Legislative Assembly with a special majority. Uttar Pradesh uses this provision.

Insulin — lowers blood sugar.