Explanation: The Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) is a permanent body that cannot be dissolved, although members retire by rotation. It functions like the Rajya Sabha at the state level. Uttar Pradesh is one of the few states with a bicameral legislature.

Hemoglobin — in red blood cells.

Explanation: Uttar Pradesh sends 80 members to the Lok Sabha, the highest among all Indian states. This makes it politically significant in national elections. Its large population is the reason for such high representation.

SA node — initiates heartbeat.

Direct transfer — via pili.

Explanation: Before the adoption of the Indian Constitution, the region was known as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. It was renamed Uttar Pradesh on 26 January 1950. This marked its formal inclusion as a state in the Indian Republic.

Explanation: Govind Ballabh Pant served as the first Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh from 1950 to 1954. He played a crucial role in integrating princely states into the Indian Union. His leadership laid the foundation for UP’s political structure.

Viruses — they target cellular machinery.

Explanation: The State Election Commission conducts elections to urban local bodies and Panchayati Raj institutions, while the Election Commission of India handles Lok Sabha and Assembly elections. It ensures free and fair local governance in the state.

Retrovirus — uses reverse transcription (e.g., HIV).

Explanation: Under Article 165, the Governor appoints the Advocate General, who is the highest law officer in the state. The AG advises the government on legal matters and represents it in court. He/she holds office at the Governor’s pleasure.

Explanation: Article 200 empowers the Governor to either assent, withhold, or reserve a bill for the President's consideration. This is done when the bill may contradict central laws or touch upon matters beyond state jurisdiction. It adds a layer of constitutional check.

Explanation: Uttar Pradesh sends the largest number of members to the Rajya Sabha—31—due to its population and Assembly size. These members are elected by the MLAs through a proportional representation system using the single transferable vote. This shows UP’s influence in national politics.

Thick peptidoglycan layer — retains crystal violet stain.

Explanation: Under the Tenth Schedule (Anti-Defection Law), the Speaker of the Assembly is empowered to decide on disqualification of a member. The Speaker’s decision can later be challenged in court. This provision ensures party discipline within the legislature.

Aerobes — need O₂ for metabolism.

Light — mediated by auxin distribution.

Ovary — after fertilization, it develops into fruit.

Opening — controlling gas exchange/water loss.

Water and minerals — root-to-shoot movement.

Chlorophyll a — absorbs light in photosystems.

UPPSC was constituted on 1st April 1937 under the provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935. It continues under Article 315 of the Constitution. The Commission conducts civil services and other recruitment exams for the state.

Explanation: As per legislative norms, a political party must have at least 10% of the total strength of the Assembly (i.e., at least 41 members out of 403) to be recognized as an official party. This entitles them to office space, speaking time, and privileges in the legislature.

Explanation: As per the constitutional mandate and UP Panchayati Raj laws, 33% of the seats in Gram Panchayats, Block Panchayats, and Zila Parishads are reserved for women. Some states have increased it to 50%, but UP follows the minimum required. This has enhanced women’s participation in grassroots governance.

Explanation: The Governor has the constitutional authority to summon, prorogue, or dissolve the state legislature. This is typically done on the advice of the Chief Minister and Cabinet. The power is formal but significant in legislative operations.

Explanation: The Speaker is elected by a simple majority vote among the MLAs of the Vidhan Sabha. The Speaker presides over assembly sessions and ensures orderly conduct of business. The Speaker remains neutral and upholds legislative procedures.

Explanation: Members of the Vidhan Parishad (Legislative Council) in UP serve a term of 6 years. One-third of the members retire every two years, ensuring continuity. The system is similar to the Rajya Sabha at the national level.

Explanation: The Governor is the constitutional head of the state, acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers. While real executive power rests with the Chief Minister, the Governor's assent is needed for bills, budgets, and appointments. The Governor represents the central authority in the state.