UP has a bicameral legislature; its upper house (Legislative Council) has a sanctioned strength of 100 members. Members are elected through various methods—MLAs, local authorities, teachers, graduates, and nominated. It functions as a revising chamber like the Rajya Sabha.

The Governor is appointed by the President under Article 155 of the Constitution. He acts as the constitutional head of the state. The appointment is generally based on advice from the Union Council of Ministers.

Uttar Pradesh sends 31 members to the Rajya Sabha, the highest among all Indian states. Rajya Sabha members are elected by MLAs through proportional representation. This reflects UP's large population and legislative size.

As per Article 173 of the Indian Constitution, the minimum age to become an MLA and thereby eligible for CM is 25. There is no separate provision for CM; he/she must be a member of the state legislature. Eligibility includes Indian citizenship and no disqualifications.

Govind Ballabh Pant served as the first CM of Uttar Pradesh from 1950 to 1954. He played a major role in shaping UP’s early administrative framework post-independence. Pant was also an active participant in India’s freedom movement.

The UP Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) has 403 elected members, making it the largest state assembly in India. It represents constituencies across the entire state. This number was fixed under the Delimitation Act, 2008.

A subnet mask identifies the network and host portions of an IP address. It allows efficient routing and management of IP address blocks. Subnetting improves security and performance of networks.

Overfitting occurs when a model learns training data too well, including noise and outliers. It fails to generalize to new data. Techniques like cross-validation and regularization are used to prevent it.

Virtual memory allows a computer to compensate for shortages of physical memory by using disk space. This helps run larger applications by extending RAM virtually. It slows down performance compared to real RAM.

NAND (Not AND) returns false only if all inputs are true. It is considered a universal gate because all logical operations can be built using only NAND gates. It’s essential in hardware design.

A deadlock occurs when processes wait indefinitely for resources held by each other. This creates a circular dependency, halting progress. Operating systems use algorithms to prevent or detect deadlocks.

Pascal is a procedural programming language and not designed for functional programming paradigms. In contrast, Haskell and Scala are purely or partly functional. Python supports functional features but isn’t a functional language by design.

von Neumann architecture stores both data and program instructions in the same memory. This design is simple but suffers from the "von Neumann bottleneck." It's used in most general-purpose computers.

JSON is a lightweight data interchange format based on JavaScript syntax. It's widely used in web APIs and data transmission. It is human-readable and easy to parse by machines.

Due to floating-point precision errors, 0.1 + 0.2 results in a value slightly more than 0.3. Thus, the equality test returns False. This is a classic floating-point arithmetic caveat in computing.

Rate Monotonic Scheduling is a priority-based real-time algorithm where shorter cycles get higher priority. It ensures predictable task execution. It's commonly used in embedded and control systems.

Big Data is defined by its high Volume (data size), Velocity (speed), Variety (types), and Veracity (uncertainty). These characteristics pose challenges for traditional data processing. The 4 Vs guide the design of scalable data systems.

The presentation layer manages data formatting, translation, encryption, and compression. It acts as a translator between the application and the lower layers. This layer ensures readable data formats between systems.