Port 80 — standard web traffic.

End device in network communication.

Reliable, connection-oriented transport protocol.

Seven — layers from physical to application.

Maximum nodes in perfectly balanced tree.

Efficient, stable sort.

Hash map — fast lookups.

Last In First Out — push/pop operations.

Cascading Style Sheets — visual styling.

semicolon separates statements.

4 bits — half a byte.

Universal character encoding for global languages.

65 — standard character encoding.

10 — 1×8 + 0×4 + 1×2 + 0×1

Arithmetic Logic Unit — performs mathematical and logical operations.

Design hardware

CPU — executes instructions and processes data.

A subnet mask identifies the network and host portions of an IP address. It allows efficient routing and management of IP address blocks. Subnetting improves security and performance of networks.

Overfitting occurs when a model learns training data too well, including noise and outliers. It fails to generalize to new data. Techniques like cross-validation and regularization are used to prevent it.

Virtual memory allows a computer to compensate for shortages of physical memory by using disk space. This helps run larger applications by extending RAM virtually. It slows down performance compared to real RAM.

NAND (Not AND) returns false only if all inputs are true. It is considered a universal gate because all logical operations can be built using only NAND gates. It’s essential in hardware design.

A deadlock occurs when processes wait indefinitely for resources held by each other. This creates a circular dependency, halting progress. Operating systems use algorithms to prevent or detect deadlocks.

Pascal is a procedural programming language and not designed for functional programming paradigms. In contrast, Haskell and Scala are purely or partly functional. Python supports functional features but isn’t a functional language by design.

von Neumann architecture stores both data and program instructions in the same memory. This design is simple but suffers from the "von Neumann bottleneck." It's used in most general-purpose computers.

JSON is a lightweight data interchange format based on JavaScript syntax. It's widely used in web APIs and data transmission. It is human-readable and easy to parse by machines.

Due to floating-point precision errors, 0.1 + 0.2 results in a value slightly more than 0.3. Thus, the equality test returns False. This is a classic floating-point arithmetic caveat in computing.

Rate Monotonic Scheduling is a priority-based real-time algorithm where shorter cycles get higher priority. It ensures predictable task execution. It's commonly used in embedded and control systems.

Big Data is defined by its high Volume (data size), Velocity (speed), Variety (types), and Veracity (uncertainty). These characteristics pose challenges for traditional data processing. The 4 Vs guide the design of scalable data systems.