The Battle of Phagwara, fought after the Battle of Kartarpur, was the last major conflict between Sikhs led by Guru Hargobind and the Mughals. However, Battle of Kiratpur was the last conflict between the Sikhs, led by Guru Hargobind, and the Mughals along with Pathans, Gujjars, and locals from Ropar. It occurred due to jealousy over Guru Hargobind’s growing influence and was initiated by a surprise attack by Pathans when Guru Hargobind had only 22 Sikhs. Guru Hargobind took refuge in Brahman Majra, where his forces held off the attackers until reinforcements from Kiratpur arrived. A gurdwara commemorating the battle was built in 1975 by Sant Kartar Singh Bhindranwale.

Nawab Kapur Singh commanded Sikhs at Basarke (1736) against Mughals under Lakhpat Rai. Sikhs faced initial defeat, later revenged at Hujra Shah Muqeem. Key Mughal leaders perished. Afterwards, Lahore authorities seized the Golden Temple, restricting Sikh assemblies and aid, marking a turning point in Sikh-Mughal conflict.

The Punjab Reorganization Act came into effect on 1 November 1966, dividing Punjab into Punjab, Haryana, and the union territory of Chandigarh. Parts of Punjab were also transferred to Himachal Pradesh. This major reorganization focused on linguistic and administrative considerations.

Gopi Chand Bhargava of the Indian National Congress became the first Chief Minister of East Punjab in 1947. Chandulal Trivedi served as its first Governor. East Punjab was formed after India’s independence, now comprising Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and Punjab states.

Punjab’s state bird is the Baaz, also known as the Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis). The Baaz symbolizes strength and bravery, and is closely associated with Sikh culture and history. It is a large, powerful raptor found in forests across northern India, including Punjab.

Muktsar, renowned for ‘Maghi da Mela’, was historically called ‘Khidane di Dhaab’. It commemorates Sikh history and the martyrdom of 40 Mukte in the Battle of Muktsar (1705). The city is significant in Punjab’s cultural and religious heritage.

Roshni Mela in Jagraon commemorates Baba Mohkam Din (d. 1913). The fair includes lighting of lamps, wrestling events, and folk performances at his tomb. Separate Roshni Mela in Ludhiana honors Shaikh Abdul Qadir Jilani, associated with the Qadiri Sufi tradition.

Chhapar Mela in Ludhiana, Punjab, commemorates Gugga Veer, a Chauhan Rajput revered as a snake deity. The festival, held annually on Anant Chaturdashi, attracts large crowds seeking his blessings for protection from snakebites, reflecting traditional beliefs and agrarian culture in the region.

After Sikhs’ victory over Afghan rule in 1764, Sirhind was renamed Fatehgarh Sahib by Maharaja Karam Singh of Patiala, who also built historic gurdwaras honoring Sikh martyrs. The town is now the district headquarters and an important Sikh pilgrimage site in Punjab.

Waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) rapidly invades Punjab’s wetlands, disrupting ecosystems by blocking sunlight and depleting oxygen.

Phag is a traditional dance form performed by women during the Holi festival in Haryana.

Harike, in Tarn Taran district, is at the Beas and Sutlej junction and is known for the Harike Wetland, a Ramsar site of ecological importance.

Chaudhary Devi Lal was known for his work for farmers and is often called the “Champion of Farmers”.

Harike, in Tarn Taran district, is at the Beas and Sutlej junction and is known for the Harike Wetland, a Ramsar site of ecological importance.

Ambala is a hub for the production of scientific instruments and medical equipment.

Haryana has 10 Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituencies.

The Bari Doab Canal, built by the British, irrigated vast regions of western Punjab, enabling intensive agriculture and settlement in previously arid areas.

The Yamuna River forms the eastern boundary of Haryana.

Ludhiana was the primary hub for the Ghadar Party’s revolutionary work in Punjab during the early 20th century.

Gurugram is known as the 'Cyber City' due to the presence of many IT companies and MNCs.

The Akali Movement (1920s) aimed to liberate Gurdwaras from corrupt mahants and established SGPC’s authority.

Surajkund Mela is an international craft fair held annually in Faridabad.

Colonel Henry Vans Agnew was assassinated by Sikh troops at Multan (Punjab) in 1848, not 1843. His death was a key factor that led to the Second Anglo-Sikh War.

Udai Singh II established Udaipur in 1559 after leaving Chittorgarh following Mughal pressure.

Rana Pratap Sagar Dam is located near Rawatbhata on the Chambal River and supports hydroelectricity and irrigation.

Panchkula houses many administrative offices of Haryana, though Chandigarh is the joint capital. Hence, Panchkula is often nicknamed 'Land of Red Tape'.

The Brahmin dynasty (c. 632–712), also called Chacha or Silaij dynasty, was a Sindhi Hindu dynasty that overthrew the Buddhist Rai dynasty in Sindh. Founded by Brahmin Chach of Aror, it ruled until the Umayyad Caliphate annexed Sindh in 712 after Raja Dahir’s defeat.

Jaipur’s old city is surrounded by fortified walls and historical gates, earning it the title.