The Battle of Phagwara, fought after the Battle of Kartarpur, was the last major conflict between Sikhs led by Guru Hargobind and the Mughals. However, Battle of Kiratpur was the last conflict between the Sikhs, led by Guru Hargobind, and the Mughals along with Pathans, Gujjars, and locals from Ropar. It occurred due to jealousy over Guru Hargobind’s growing influence and was initiated by a surprise attack by Pathans when Guru Hargobind had only 22 Sikhs. Guru Hargobind took refuge in Brahman Majra, where his forces held off the attackers until reinforcements from Kiratpur arrived. A gurdwara commemorating the battle was built in 1975 by Sant Kartar Singh Bhindranwale.

Nawab Kapur Singh commanded Sikhs at Basarke (1736) against Mughals under Lakhpat Rai. Sikhs faced initial defeat, later revenged at Hujra Shah Muqeem. Key Mughal leaders perished. Afterwards, Lahore authorities seized the Golden Temple, restricting Sikh assemblies and aid, marking a turning point in Sikh-Mughal conflict.

The Punjab Reorganization Act came into effect on 1 November 1966, dividing Punjab into Punjab, Haryana, and the union territory of Chandigarh. Parts of Punjab were also transferred to Himachal Pradesh. This major reorganization focused on linguistic and administrative considerations.

Gopi Chand Bhargava of the Indian National Congress became the first Chief Minister of East Punjab in 1947. Chandulal Trivedi served as its first Governor. East Punjab was formed after India’s independence, now comprising Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and Punjab states.

Punjab’s state bird is the Baaz, also known as the Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis). The Baaz symbolizes strength and bravery, and is closely associated with Sikh culture and history. It is a large, powerful raptor found in forests across northern India, including Punjab.

Muktsar, renowned for ‘Maghi da Mela’, was historically called ‘Khidane di Dhaab’. It commemorates Sikh history and the martyrdom of 40 Mukte in the Battle of Muktsar (1705). The city is significant in Punjab’s cultural and religious heritage.

Roshni Mela in Jagraon commemorates Baba Mohkam Din (d. 1913). The fair includes lighting of lamps, wrestling events, and folk performances at his tomb. Separate Roshni Mela in Ludhiana honors Shaikh Abdul Qadir Jilani, associated with the Qadiri Sufi tradition.

Chhapar Mela in Ludhiana, Punjab, commemorates Gugga Veer, a Chauhan Rajput revered as a snake deity. The festival, held annually on Anant Chaturdashi, attracts large crowds seeking his blessings for protection from snakebites, reflecting traditional beliefs and agrarian culture in the region.

After Sikhs’ victory over Afghan rule in 1764, Sirhind was renamed Fatehgarh Sahib by Maharaja Karam Singh of Patiala, who also built historic gurdwaras honoring Sikh martyrs. The town is now the district headquarters and an important Sikh pilgrimage site in Punjab.

Waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) rapidly invades Punjab’s wetlands, disrupting ecosystems by blocking sunlight and depleting oxygen.

Harike, in Tarn Taran district, is at the Beas and Sutlej junction and is known for the Harike Wetland, a Ramsar site of ecological importance.

Harike, in Tarn Taran district, is at the Beas and Sutlej junction and is known for the Harike Wetland, a Ramsar site of ecological importance.

The Bari Doab Canal, built by the British, irrigated vast regions of western Punjab, enabling intensive agriculture and settlement in previously arid areas.

Ludhiana was the primary hub for the Ghadar Party’s revolutionary work in Punjab during the early 20th century.

The Akali Movement (1920s) aimed to liberate Gurdwaras from corrupt mahants and established SGPC’s authority.

Colonel Henry Vans Agnew was assassinated by Sikh troops at Multan (Punjab) in 1848, not 1843. His death was a key factor that led to the Second Anglo-Sikh War.

The Treaty of Lahore, signed in 1846, ended the First Anglo-Sikh War and ceded parts of Punjab to the British, establishing their authority in the region.

Baba Farid, a renowned Chishti Sufi, established Pakpattan and shaped the region’s spiritual heritage; his verses appear in the Guru Granth Sahib.

The Brahmin dynasty (c. 632–712), also called Chacha or Silaij dynasty, was a Sindhi Hindu dynasty that overthrew the Buddhist Rai dynasty in Sindh. Founded by Brahmin Chach of Aror, it ruled until the Umayyad Caliphate annexed Sindh in 712 after Raja Dahir’s defeat.

Punjab Horticulture Department was established in 1979 - 80. It is presently located in Muktsar Sahib. This department developed Aloo-Bukhara Amritsari, which is a new variety of plum that is more sweet than sour, has high nutritive content and is free from stone.

Gram is a rabi crop. It is sown during September-November and harvested in February. It is commonly known as chick pea or Bengal gram. Largest production of gram is in Moga.

Ranjit Sagar Dam is named after Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the renowned ruler of Punjab. This dam is located in a gorge section near village Thein of Jammu and Kashmir and as such it is known as Thein Dam

The Early Stone Age sites are found in the valley of river Soan or Sohan in Punjab (now in Pakistan).

The maximum production of rice is in Kapurthala, Fatehgarh Sahib, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Patiala, Firozpur, Sangrur and Barnala district. Punjab has given the title of Rice Bowl of India.

Those forests which largely consists of inaccessible forests or unoccupied wastes, are known as unclassed forests.

Dry Deciduoud Scrub forests are mostly found in Kandi tract with predominant species like khair. Indian rosewood, silk cotton tree, amla, Indian ash tree, Indian mahogany, amaltas, etc.

Coniferous forests are found in the Shiwalik hills of the state where chir is the main species, along with amla, khair and some scattered trees of terminalias.

Dry Deciduoud Scrub forests are mostly found in Kandi tract with predominant species like khair. Indian rosewood, silk cotton tree, amla, Indian ash tree, Indian mahogany, amaltas, etc.